Difference between revisions of "Windows Server in EC2 Intro"

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Launch a Windows 2019 Base Server in the cloud. As Windows Server runs a GUI by default, it generally requires more resources than Linux. To make my experience a little more snappy, I chose a moderate instance and was happy to accept the small additional cost for this convenience. Choose as you see fit. You should also open ports for RDP, HTTP, FTP and HTTPS.
+
Launch a Windows 2019 Base Server in the cloud. As Windows Server runs a GUI by default, it generally requires more resources than Linux. To make my experience a little more snappy, I chose a moderate instance and was happy to accept the small additional cost for this convenience. Choose as you see fit. You should also open ports for RDP, HTTP and HTTPS.
  
−
== Connecting to Windows Server in EC2 ==
+
== Connecting to Windows Server ==
  
−
Launch your Windows server instance, I chose the "Windows 2019 Base" Amazon Machine Image. Then right-click on the instance and click ''connect''.
+
Go to https://console.aws.amazon.com then EC2 and launch your Windows server instance, I chose the "Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Base" Amazon Machine Image that was Free Tier Eligible. As you create the instance make sure that, in addition to the RDP port, you also open HTTP and HTTPS. After you have made these firewall modifications, you can create the instance. After you have created this instance then right-click on the instance and click ''Connect''.
−
 
 
−
This will open a window with the DNS name and the username. To obtain a password you will need to upload your .pem key. You should store the resulting: DNS entry, username and password in a text file, in case you lose it while completing the lab but keep in mind that this may not be a great long term password management practice.
 
  
 
You can connect to your Windows server using any operating system.  
 
You can connect to your Windows server using any operating system.  
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== Windows CLI Basics ==
 
== Windows CLI Basics ==
  
−
Click on the start menu and search for powershell ISE and open it. Be sure to open the ISE version of Powershell, as this is the integrated environment that provides both an editor where you can write scripts and a command-line from which you can execute them.
+
Click on the start menu and search for "Windows Powershell" and open it. Be sure to open the ISE version of Powershell, as this is the integrated environment that provides both an editor where you can write scripts and a command-line from which you can execute them.
  
 
Type the following commands and answer the questions. Hint: Regardless of the CLI environment that I am working in (Linux, Cisco, Windows), I tend to use the tab key to auto complete my commands. Make sure you give it a try.
 
Type the following commands and answer the questions. Hint: Regardless of the CLI environment that I am working in (Linux, Cisco, Windows), I tend to use the tab key to auto complete my commands. Make sure you give it a try.
 +
 +
[[File:Windows_Powershell.png|right|thumb|x300px|alt=Windows Powershell|Windows Powershell]]
  
 
What is your IPv4 IP address? Try:
 
What is your IPv4 IP address? Try:
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<br>You will need to adjust the path to reflect your username and home directory.
 
<br>You will need to adjust the path to reflect your username and home directory.
 
(see "whoami")
 
(see "whoami")
 +
 +
Similar to Linux, use the tab key to autocomplete while you type.
 +
 
  move C:\Users\<Username>\Downloads\emptyfile.txt C:\Users\<Username>\
 
  move C:\Users\<Username>\Downloads\emptyfile.txt C:\Users\<Username>\
  
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Then, paste that IP address into your web browser and test the operation of your web browser.  
 
Then, paste that IP address into your web browser and test the operation of your web browser.  
 +
 +
You should see something that looks like the image to the right:
 +
 +
[[File:Windows_IIS.png|right|thumb|x300px|alt=Windows IIS|Windows IISl]]
  
 
On Linux, we can edit the index.html page in /var/www/index.html. In Windows, this file is stored at c:/inetpub/wwwroot/iisstart.htm
 
On Linux, we can edit the index.html page in /var/www/index.html. In Windows, this file is stored at c:/inetpub/wwwroot/iisstart.htm
Line 126: Line 133:
 
Edit this file with
 
Edit this file with
 
   
 
   
−
  notepad c:/inetpub/wwwroot/iisstart.htm
+
  notepad c:\inetpub\wwwroot\iisstart.htm
  
−
After you have done this, refresh your web page to see the changes that you have made.
+
After you have done this, refresh your web page to see the changes that you have made. Note that this may work when you visit 127.0.0.1 from your windows server, but why is the same page not available via the global IP address from other devices. What do you need to do to make this windows web server available to the world?
  
 
== Adding Users ==
 
== Adding Users ==
Line 138: Line 145:
 
  add user
 
  add user
  
−
Then hit enter. Then click add someone else to this PC.
+
Then hit enter. To add a user you will need to click on Users, then on the right, under Users, click on ''More Actions->Add User''. Independently add Alice, Bob and Mallory giving each user a strong password that you will remember.
 +
 
 +
== DNS & Certificates Revisited ==
 +
 
 +
At this point we will revisit DNS. Go to wherever you manage your domain name and add an additional A record. Don't edit any previous links that might link to current working assignments, instead, I would like you to add an A record with a subdomain. You can choose what you want the subdomain to be. Frequently we see them as blog.somedomain.com. You could use:
 +
 
 +
windows.yourdomain.link
 +
 
 +
This would be linked to the public IP address of your windows machine. Once this is  working, lets see if we can use the application here:
 +
[[File:Add_site_in_IIS_manager.png|right|thumb|x300px|alt=Add a site in IIS Manager|Add a site in IIS Manager]]
 +
https://www.win-acme.com/
 +
 
 +
If you get lots of annoying errors when browsing using windows server, you can override theme here: https://medium.com/tensult/disable-internet-explorer-enhanced-security-configuration-in-windows-server-2019-a9cf5528be65
 +
 
 +
So once you have visited https://www.win-acme.com/ and downloaded and extracted the files. You should add a new site in the IIS Manager. Make sure you share the C:\inetpub\wwwroot and in the hostname section add windows.yourdomain.link
 +
 
 +
Once you have done this then run wacs.exe and sign up for a certificate. Remember that DNS would need to be working before you can get a certificate. You would also need HTTP, HTTPS and RDP ports to be open on your windows server. Once this is done you should be able to visit you domain name and connect with the lock in the URL bar.
 +
 
 +
== Running Linux on Windows==
 +
 
 +
[[File:Linux_on_Windows.png|right|thumb|x350px|alt=Bash on Windows|Bash on Windows]]
  
−
Under Actions on the right, click More Actions under Users, then new User. Independently add Alice, Bob and Mallory giving each user a strong password that you will remember.
+
In addition to releasing Powershell as open source, Microsoft are allowing the Linux Bash environment to operate on Windows. This means that existing bash scripts should run on Windows with minimal modifications.
  
−
== Running a FTP Server on Windows IIS ==
+
Open the powershell ise and run:
  
−
To enable FTP under IIS, click on Windows Start bar and type
+
  Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux
  
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  Server Manager
+
After running this you will need to restart.
 +
 
 +
After your machine has restarted and you have re-connected. Open powershell ISE and get your distro using curl
 +
 
 +
  curl.exe -L -o ubuntu-1804.appx https://aka.ms/wsl-ubuntu-1804
 +
 
 +
You can then install it with:
 +
 
 +
Add-AppxPackage .\ubuntu-1804.appx
  
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Hit enter to open Server Manager then click
+
After this, go to the start menu and search for ubuntu. Click on it to complete the installation. You will be asked to create a user.
  
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  Add roles and features
+
Reflect on what you have just done. How is installing the ubuntu environment different from a virtual machine? Why would a corporation like Microsoft embrace what has historically been a competitor?
  
−
Then hit next to accept the defaults until you hit Server Roles. Under Server Roles, you want to enable Web Server (IIS), as well as the FTP server. Make sure the FTP server is ticked then hit next to enable this feature and install the Windows FTP Server.
+
If you have some spare time, it would be worth reading about this to try to understand the reasons. This shift has been occurring for a few years now.
  
−
To setup the FTP server, go to:
+
*https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/05/microsofts-romance-with-open-source-software-on-display-at-build-2020/
 +
*https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Microsoft-2018-Surprises
  
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Control Panel->Administrative Tools->Internet Information Services (IIS) Manager
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=== Troubleshooting installing the Linux Subsystem ===
  
−
Alternately, you can simply search for "IIS Manager" from the Start menu. Under Connections on the left, click on the hostname to open a new page. Once open, click on the view sites link on the right hand side of the page to add a new FTP site. Then click Add FTP Site and share a folder.
+
If you have problems installing the Linux subsystem, please check out the alternative instructions here: https://csn.murdoch.edu.au/mediawiki/index.php/Obtaining_a_Linux_Environment#Windows
  
−
Lets enable this FTP server to be read by all users. To do this:
+
[[File:my_billing_dashboard.png|right|thumb|x300px|alt=My Billing Dashboard| My Billing Dashboard]]
−
*Don't require SSL
 
−
*Use basic authentication
 
−
*Under authorization, allow access to all users
 
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*Only check the read option
 
  
−
Check that your FTP server is working as expected by browsing* to:
+
== Budgets and Costs - Super Important! ==
  
−
ftp://127.0.0.1 (If your Windows user account doesn't have a password configured, go to Control Panel -> User Accounts and configure one)
+
If you won't be using your instance anymore, you may wish to shut it down or terminate (delete) it to decrease the chances of inadvertently running multiple instances and incurring EC2 usage charges. It is easy to launch instances in different countries and not notice them running. Remember that cloud-based services are often billed on the run-time of your server.  Be particularly careful if you launch an expensive instance featuring large memory, fast CPUs or GPU processors.
  
−
Two questions:
+
At the most simple level, you want to ''click on your name in EC2 and go to My Billing Dashboard''. See the image to the right. You should be able to reconcile the costs that you see here.
−
*Why do we need to enter ftp?
 
−
*What does 127.0.0.1 do?
 
  
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Try getting you lab partner to access your web page and your ftp site. Remember to check whether the firewall ports are open. What ports would we need to open for external HTTP and FTP access?
+
You will also want to set a budget, with an alert as well. Make sure that you follow the slideshow below, to set an actual budget and an alert. To get started ''click on your name in EC2 and go to My Billing Dashboard'' then look for the AWS budgets link, as indicated in the first image in the slideshow below. Then follow the text description below the slideshow to setup a budget with alerts.
  
−
''(* Windows 10 users, note that "Microsoft Edge" is optimised for mobile devices and Microsoft doesn't support FTP on this browser.)''
+
<gallery mode="slideshow">
 +
Image:Click_on_AWS_Budgets.png| ''[[Image:Click on AWS Budgets| Click on AWS Budgets]]'' (Click on AWS budgets)
 +
Image:click_on_create_budget.png|''[[Image:click on create_budget| Click on create budget]]'' (Click on Create Budget)
 +
Image:Choose_cost_budget.png|''[[Image:choose_cost_budget| Choose cost_budget]]'' (Choose cost budget)
 +
Image:Set_a_budget.png|''[[Image:set_a_budget| set a budget]]'' (Set a budget)
 +
Image:Set_an_alert_threshold.png|''[[Image:set_an_alert_threshold| set an alert threshold]]'' (Set an alert threshold)
 +
Image:Click_and_create_the_budget.png|''[[Image:click and create the budget| click_and_create_the_budget]]'' (Click and create the budget)
 +
</gallery>

Latest revision as of 07:48, 10 May 2022

Launch a Windows 2019 Base Server in the cloud. As Windows Server runs a GUI by default, it generally requires more resources than Linux. To make my experience a little more snappy, I chose a moderate instance and was happy to accept the small additional cost for this convenience. Choose as you see fit. You should also open ports for RDP, HTTP and HTTPS.

Connecting to Windows Server

Go to https://console.aws.amazon.com then EC2 and launch your Windows server instance, I chose the "Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Base" Amazon Machine Image that was Free Tier Eligible. As you create the instance make sure that, in addition to the RDP port, you also open HTTP and HTTPS. After you have made these firewall modifications, you can create the instance. After you have created this instance then right-click on the instance and click Connect.

You can connect to your Windows server using any operating system.

You should experiment with the colour and resolution settings in the client connection to find something that works for your Internet Connection. If you have a fast Internet connection then you can choose higher quality settings.

Familiarity with the GUI

This lab should further your skills in Windows, and Powershell server scripts. By the end of this lab, you should note that Microsoft Powershell and Linux Bash are powerful and useful server scripting languages. There is no need to debate which is better as they are both now multi-platform and you can now use the scripting language of your choice in Windows or Linux.

Bash on Windows
Bash on Windows

Familiarise yourself with the server environment using the GUI:

  • What CPU is your machine running? (Is it a server or desktop-class processor?)
  • How much memory and disk space do you have?
  • Open a web browser and type where am i in the URL bar. Note that Windows Server can have a strict security policy. You may need to manually permit access to each website. You should see the location of the data centre displayed in the output.

Windows CLI Basics

Click on the start menu and search for "Windows Powershell" and open it. Be sure to open the ISE version of Powershell, as this is the integrated environment that provides both an editor where you can write scripts and a command-line from which you can execute them.

Type the following commands and answer the questions. Hint: Regardless of the CLI environment that I am working in (Linux, Cisco, Windows), I tend to use the tab key to auto complete my commands. Make sure you give it a try.

Windows Powershell
Windows Powershell

What is your IPv4 IP address? Try: 

ipconfig

What ports are open? Try: 

netstat -an

Identify the RDP session to your windows server. What is the Global IP address of the machine you are RDP'ing from? 

whoami

This command is the same as Linux but will return domain\username. If your computer isn't connected to a domain this command will return computer name\username. 

dir

Try the linux equivalent 

ls

This will create an empty file. 

notepad emptyfile.txt

This will open a text file for editing. Add some text then save and exit. Retype: 

dir

You should note emptyfile.txt. It should be greater than 0 bytes. Copy the file into Downloads. 

copy emptyfile.txt Downloads\

Then go and check that the file has moved to the desired location. 

cd Downloads

Remove the original file created. 

cd ..
del emptyfile.txt

This time we are going to move the file back to the original location. Note that with the commands that we are going to use absolute paths:
You will need to adjust the path to reflect your username and home directory. (see "whoami")

Similar to Linux, use the tab key to autocomplete while you type. 

move C:\Users\<Username>\Downloads\emptyfile.txt C:\Users\<Username>\

Starting and Ending Processes

List the programs that are running on your Windows system: 

tasklist

What is this command and what is the equivalent in Linux? Start Notepad from the command line: 

notepad

Re-run: 

tasklist

Find the Notepad process. Kill this process from the command line. You can do this with the name or the Process ID (PID). The /f is for "force" 

taskkill /f /im myprocess.exe

OR 

taskkill /f /pid 1234

Running a Webserver on Windows (IIS)

Similar to Linux, Windows also provides a range of different services that Enterprise and Internet Servers would want to run. Most of the services that you would want to run are provided by windows and can simply be activated. To see the list of available services, click on Windows Start bar and type 

Server Manager

Hit enter to open Server Manager then click 

 Add roles and features

Then hit next to accept the defaults until you hit Server Roles. Under Server Roles, you want to enable Web Server (IIS). Hit next to enable this feature and install the Windows Web Server.

Test the installation locally. From your Windows Server machine Open your web browser, Internet Explorer, and browse to: 

127.0.0.1

Hopefully, you will see the windows IIS default page. If you don't see the default page, ask your tutor and troubleshoot. You may find you need to prefix the address with http://127.0.0.1 as some Microsoft browsers will assume you are searching for information rather than visiting a site.

Test from the physical machine sitting in front of you. Go to Amazon EC2 and record the public IP address of your windows server machine.

Then, paste that IP address into your web browser and test the operation of your web browser.

You should see something that looks like the image to the right:

Windows IIS
Windows IISl

On Linux, we can edit the index.html page in /var/www/index.html. In Windows, this file is stored at c:/inetpub/wwwroot/iisstart.htm

Edit this file with 

notepad c:\inetpub\wwwroot\iisstart.htm

After you have done this, refresh your web page to see the changes that you have made. Note that this may work when you visit 127.0.0.1 from your windows server, but why is the same page not available via the global IP address from other devices. What do you need to do to make this windows web server available to the world?

Adding Users

On Windows server, you are currently the Administrator. Let's add three users, Alice, Bob and Mallory.

Click on the start menu and type: 

add user

Then hit enter. To add a user you will need to click on Users, then on the right, under Users, click on More Actions->Add User. Independently add Alice, Bob and Mallory giving each user a strong password that you will remember.

DNS & Certificates Revisited

At this point we will revisit DNS. Go to wherever you manage your domain name and add an additional A record. Don't edit any previous links that might link to current working assignments, instead, I would like you to add an A record with a subdomain. You can choose what you want the subdomain to be. Frequently we see them as blog.somedomain.com. You could use: 

windows.yourdomain.link

This would be linked to the public IP address of your windows machine. Once this is working, lets see if we can use the application here:

Add a site in IIS Manager
Add a site in IIS Manager
https://www.win-acme.com/

If you get lots of annoying errors when browsing using windows server, you can override theme here: https://medium.com/tensult/disable-internet-explorer-enhanced-security-configuration-in-windows-server-2019-a9cf5528be65

So once you have visited https://www.win-acme.com/ and downloaded and extracted the files. You should add a new site in the IIS Manager. Make sure you share the C:\inetpub\wwwroot and in the hostname section add windows.yourdomain.link

Once you have done this then run wacs.exe and sign up for a certificate. Remember that DNS would need to be working before you can get a certificate. You would also need HTTP, HTTPS and RDP ports to be open on your windows server. Once this is done you should be able to visit you domain name and connect with the lock in the URL bar.

Running Linux on Windows

Bash on Windows
Bash on Windows

In addition to releasing Powershell as open source, Microsoft are allowing the Linux Bash environment to operate on Windows. This means that existing bash scripts should run on Windows with minimal modifications.

Open the powershell ise and run: 

Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux

After running this you will need to restart.

After your machine has restarted and you have re-connected. Open powershell ISE and get your distro using curl 

curl.exe -L -o ubuntu-1804.appx https://aka.ms/wsl-ubuntu-1804

You can then install it with: 

Add-AppxPackage .\ubuntu-1804.appx

After this, go to the start menu and search for ubuntu. Click on it to complete the installation. You will be asked to create a user.

Reflect on what you have just done. How is installing the ubuntu environment different from a virtual machine? Why would a corporation like Microsoft embrace what has historically been a competitor?

If you have some spare time, it would be worth reading about this to try to understand the reasons. This shift has been occurring for a few years now.

Troubleshooting installing the Linux Subsystem

If you have problems installing the Linux subsystem, please check out the alternative instructions here: https://csn.murdoch.edu.au/mediawiki/index.php/Obtaining_a_Linux_Environment#Windows

My Billing Dashboard
My Billing Dashboard

Budgets and Costs - Super Important!

If you won't be using your instance anymore, you may wish to shut it down or terminate (delete) it to decrease the chances of inadvertently running multiple instances and incurring EC2 usage charges. It is easy to launch instances in different countries and not notice them running. Remember that cloud-based services are often billed on the run-time of your server. Be particularly careful if you launch an expensive instance featuring large memory, fast CPUs or GPU processors.

At the most simple level, you want to click on your name in EC2 and go to My Billing Dashboard. See the image to the right. You should be able to reconcile the costs that you see here.

You will also want to set a budget, with an alert as well. Make sure that you follow the slideshow below, to set an actual budget and an alert. To get started click on your name in EC2 and go to My Billing Dashboard then look for the AWS budgets link, as indicated in the first image in the slideshow below. Then follow the text description below the slideshow to setup a budget with alerts.

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