WEP Cracking

Decrypting packets and/or accessing someone’s network without their consent is illegal. The purpose of this lab is not to encourage students to break into vulnerable networks, rather it is hoped that students will:

• Gain an appreciation of the specific technical vulnerabilities in WEP. This should help to make an informed decision about appropriate security measures to implement in your own or your employer’s wireless networks.
• Have sufficient understanding of the tools involved to be able to test your own network's security.

We will be using aircrack-ng. We want to encourage your interest in network and computer security but do NOT use the tools or techniques that you learn in this lab on networks that are not your own. Do NOT attempt to use any of the tools on the Murdoch University infrastructure.

Lab Setup

You should start by setting up a network as shown below.

Basic lab setup

Configure WEP

Our first task is to configure WEP over the wireless network. Please ensure that you keep the username as root and the password as admin. You can use any hex key that you like. Please be aware that using a WEP passphrase will still use the generated hex key for encryption. Ensure that the wireless Windows PC can Ping the Wired PC. Refer to Basic AP Configuration if you need to. Share a file over the network to generate traffic. Additionally, turn off the 5GHz radio and change the network mode on the 2.4 GHz radio to 802.11b/g only.

Your Linux based PC will capture as many packets as possible and try to decrypt the key. WEP cracking tools rely on capturing enough data to enable you to launch statistical attacks on the key. So, we will use two tools, airodump for capturing packets and aircrack for launching our statistical attack on the key.

Installing Aircrack

Ensure your computer is connected to the internet On a Linux machine, you can get access to the Internet by opening a terminal and typing:

ssh [username]@gateway.murdoch.edu.au

Test your internet connection by visiting google.com

Then type:

sudo apt update
sudo apt install aircrack-ng

Putting the wireless interface in monitor mode

Click the network icon in the top right and "Turn off" WiFi. This will stop the OS from controlling our network device. Issue a:

sudo ifconfig -a

Identify which is your wireless interface name.

You can use one of the two methods below for putting your wireless card in monitor mode.

Method 1: the standard tools

Then look for the wireless adapter name in the output. On my computer it was: wlo1. Use the commands below changing the interface name to suit the computer in front of you.

sudo iwconfig wlo1 mode monitor
sudo ifconfig wlo1 up
sudo rfkill unblock all
sudo ifconfig wlo1 up

You can change the channel of your monitor mode adaptor by opening a terminal and typing:

sudo iwconfig wlo1 channel [Channel your AP is using]

Method 2: using Aircrack

On the command line issue:

sudo rfkill unblock all
sudo airmon-ng start [interface_name] [channel]

If this works correctly then do another

ifconfig

You should have a new interface called mon0

Collecting Weak ivs

Using Wireshark

Try capturing the encrypted packets in Wireshark. What filters do you need to ensure you have 50000 data packets? Save the pcap on the Desktop.

Using Aerodump

Another alternative is using airodump. Type:

sudo airodump-ng [interface_name] --ivs -w [filename] --channel [x]

That command will start airodump and save the ivs to the filename you give it.

You should see the frame count increasing and the SSID of the lab test network should be visible. While you wait to capture sufficient packets try setting up another client (if available) to associate with the AP once you have discovered the key.

Cracking the WEP key

50,000 or less should defeat 40 bit encryption. While you are waiting, do some research of your own. Research the technical reasons why WEP failed.

Once you think you have enough IVS. Press ctrl+c on the keyboard to exit airodump. We are now going to try to crack the key with aircrack. Type:

sudo aircrack-ng [filename]

Now that you have the key. Capture some transmissions across the WEP network. Use Wireshark to decrypt the frames and then investigate what was transmitted. You will find that most web transactions are encrypted with SSL/TLS, but usually, DNS messages are in cleartext.

Questions

If a malicious user has cracked a WEP key, what threat does this pose to the network? To help you answer this question, how likely is it that banking/email accounts of the network users will be compromised? What danger does a compromised WEP key pose to the network infrastructure? Why does an attack from a compromised WEP key pose a greater threat than an attack from the Internet? How does WPA with TKIP overcome the problems with WEP?

Challenge

The keys you have just cracked were likely easy to crack because you were deliberately creating a lot of wireless traffic. Most of the time, APs sit dormant which means that you would need to wait a very, very long time to collect enough packets to crack the key.

It is possible to generate traffic for a wireless network without prior knowledge of the key by identifying an encrypted ARP packet. ARP packets are 68 bytes in length so, in a wireless environment, we can capture the ARP packet, identify it based on the length and then replay it back into the network. The network will respond with ARP replies, generating traffic.

To setup your ARP station, on an additional PC, type:

aireplay-ng --arpreplay -b <bssid MAC address> -h <source MAC address> <interface>

http://www.aircrack-ng.org/doku.php?id=i_am_injecting_but_the_ivs_don_t_increase

Eventually, this program will identify an ARP packet and the begin replaying them into the network to generate traffic.

“In order for an access point to accept a packet, the source MAC address must already be associated. If the source MAC address you are injecting is not associated then the AP ignores the packet and sends out a “DeAuthentication” packet. In this state, no new IVs are created because the AP is ignoring all the injected packets.” - Jay Usher (Past student)